Cognitive theories of metaphor and the methods of Frame Semantics have not yet been extensively tested in comparative studies of widely separated languages. This is a comparative study of ‘bone’ and ‘blood’ metaphors used in the media in English and Korean using Frame Semantic methods. The study assesses the extent to which metaphor is universal compared to the extent to which there is diversity between these languages. A large corpus of examples (more than 5000) was collected electronically for a period of one year from the websites of two newspapers, The Guardian and JoongAng Ilbo. Of these, over 1500 were examples of metaphor. The corpus is large enough to allow quantitative analysis of metaphor frequency (compared to literal usage), of comparative frequency of usage in the two languages, and of monthly variations in these statistics, in addition to the collection of a wide range of metaphor types for qualitative analysis.
The range of metaphor types and the frequencies of usage were similar in the two newspapers. However, qualitative analysis of source and target domains and of the mappings for the various metaphor types revealed differences. Most of the ‘bone’ metaphors in Korean map differently from those in English. The results found for ‘blood’ metaphors show greater similarity. In this case, most of the English ‘blood’ metaphor types do have equivalent types in Korean. There is therefore a strong contrast between the results for ‘bone’ and those for ‘blood’. This difference is interesting in itself, but it also excludes the possibility that the results for ‘bone’ are attributable to difficulties in translation between two different languages.
Analysis of the mapping of those metaphors that are different in the two languages, using the methods of Frame Semantics, allows some conclusions to be drawn about the semantic networks in the two languages that underlie the differences in metaphor usage. Despite the substantial differences between the majority of ‘bone’ metaphor types in Korean and English, and in a substantial minority of ‘blood’ metaphor types, they conform in both languages to the idea that they impose conceptual structures. These can be grouped within the networks to reveal clusters of metaphor types related by meaning, each inheriting semantic frames from a small number of prototypes.
Syntactic analysis reveals a small number of cases in both languages in which some syntactic patterns are characteristic of metaphor usage
The hypothesis developed in the thesis is that linguistic diversity can be analysed in terms of Frame Semantics, and that, despite the differences in source domains and mapping, Frame Element analysis reveals an underlying similarity between the two languages. Korean and English speakers have much the same frame elements in mind, but they fill these elements with different lexical units, and sometimes with different source mappings.
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